Expectancy Theory
Expectancy theory, which is also sometimes referred to as VIE (Valance-Instrumentality-Expectancy) theory, purports to explain the process by which an individual chooses one alternative for action out of many possible actions. Like Miner’s, it is a multi-value theory but does not specify any particular value. The theory was made popular in the literature on motivation in work organizations by Vroom (1964), and has been modified and refined by other researchers since then. 
The theory argues that a person’s motivation to perform a given act will depend on :
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